SD card full bricks Android 2.2: In fsckdelay end. Kill dosfsck, ret=-1

I downloaded this 80 MB ZIP file containing 27000 files to my SD card and unzipped it using this code.
A no space left error occurred before all files could be extracted.

I couldn't remove the folder, neither with adb shell rm -f nor the Open Manager app nor by mounting the SD card and removing from Ubuntu/Nautilus:

$ adb shell rm -f /sdcard/OxygenGuide rm failed for /sdcard/OxygenGuide, I/O error 

Ubuntu/Nautilus:

There was an error deleting 08267130495190304.html. Error removing file: Read-only file system 

It looked like trying to remove this particular file makes the whole SD card read-only. Unmounting/remounting made it read/write again, but the same error happened when I tried to delete again.

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I decided to reboot, and now I just have a black screen with just the top bar, showing the "Checking SD card" icon and usual network/battery/date. adb logcat shows this:

I/ActivityThread(  323): Publishing provider downloads: com.android.providers.downloads.DownloadProvider W/Vold    (   71): Filesystem modified - rechecking (pass 2) I/Vold    (   71): Device /dev/block/vold/179:1, target /mnt/sdcard mounted @ /mnt/secure/staging D/Vold    (   71): Volume sdcard state changing 3 (Checking) -> 4 (Mounted) I/ActivityThread(  270): Publishing provider call_log: com.android.providers.contacts.CallLogProvider W/logwrapper(   71): In fsckdelay end. Kill dosfsck, ret=-1 

Android 2.2

Source: http://android.stackexchange.com/questions/37790/sd-card-full-bricks-android-2-2-in-fsckdelay-end-kill-dosfsck-ret-1

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